How to Tell When a Stock Is Overvalued

The Price-to-Earnings Ratio Doesn’t Tell the Whole Story

Many investors wonder how to figure out if a stock is overvalued and should not be at the top of their buying list. The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, also known as an earnings multiple, provides a quick way to estimate a company's value, but it doesn't mean much until you understand how to interpret the result.

Signals of Overvalue

A stock is considered overvalued when its current price isn’t supported by its P/E ratio or earnings projection. If a company's stock price is 50 times earnings, for example, it's likely overvalued compared to a company that’s trading for 10 times earnings. Some investors believe the stock market is efficient, and average investors won't have information fast enough to identify overvalued stocks because it’s factored into stock prices almost immediately. However, fundamental analysts believe you'll always find overvalued or undervalued stocks in the market because of investor irrationality.

Various types of useful signals may indicate a closer look at a stock is warranted. It’s helpful to start by reviewing a company’s annual report, 10-K filing, income statement, balance sheet, and other disclosures to get a feel for the firm's operations using easily accessible information.

PEG and Dividend-Adjusted PEG Ratio

Both the price/earnings-to-growth (PEG) and dividend-adjusted PEG ratios can be useful in most situations, but they may have a rare exception that pops up occasionally. First, look at the projected after-tax growth in earnings per share (EPS), fully diluted, over the coming few years. Next, look at the P/E ratio on the stock.

Using these two figures, you can calculate the PEG ratio using this formula:

P/E ratio ÷ company’s earnings growth rate

If the stock pays a dividend, you might want to use the dividend-adjusted PEG ratio formula:

P/E ratio ÷ (earnings growth + dividend yield)

The absolute upper threshold that most people want to consider is a ratio of two. In this case, the lower the number, the better, with anything at one or below considered a good deal. Again, exceptions might exist; for example, an investor with a lot of industry experience might spot a turnaround in a cyclical business and decide the earnings projections are too conservative. Although a situation could be much rosier than appears at first glance, for the new investor, this general rule could protect against a lot of unnecessary losses.

Relative Dividend Yield Percentage

You might find that an overvalued stock's dividend yield is in the lowest 20% of its long-term historical range. Unless a business, sector, or industry is going through a period of profound change—either in its business model or from economic forces at work—a company’s core operations are going to exhibit some degree of stability over time, with a fairly reasonable range of outcomes under certain conditions. The stock market might be volatile, but the actual operating experience of most businesses, during most periods, shows a lot more stability—at least as measured over entire economic cycles.

This can be used to the investor’s advantage. Take a company such as Chevron, for example. Looking back throughout history, anytime Chevron’s dividend yield has been below 2%, investors should have been cautious, as the firm was overvalued. Likewise, any time it approached the 3.5–4% range, it warranted another look, as it was undervalued.

The dividend yield served as a signal. It was a way for less-experienced investors to approximate the price relative to the business profits, stripping away a lot of the complexity that can arise when dealing with financial data under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) standards. To track and check a company’s dividend yield over time, map out the historical dividend yields over several periods, and then divide the chart into five equal distributions. Any time the dividend yield falls below the bottom quintile, be wary.

As with the other methods, this one is not perfect. On the average, though, when followed by a conservative investor as part of a well-run portfolio of high-quality, blue-chip, dividend-paying stocks, this approach may generate some good results. It can force investors to behave in a mechanical way akin to making regular, periodic investments into index funds, whether the market is up or down.

Value Traps

Certain types of companies, such as homebuilders, automobile manufacturers, and steel mills, have unique characteristics. These businesses tend to experience sharp drops in profit during periods of economic decline, and large spikes in profit during periods of economic expansion. When the latter happens, some investors are enticed by what appears to be fast-growing earnings, low P/E ratios, and, in some cases, large dividends.

These situations, known as value traps, can be dangerous. They appear at the tail end of economic expansion cycles and can ensnare inexperienced investors. Seasoned investors would recognize that, in reality, the P/E ratios of these firms are much, much higher than they appear.

Compare With Treasury Bond Yield

A stock’s earnings yield as compared to the Treasury bond yield can provide another clue in testing for an overvalued stock. Whenever the Treasury bond yield exceeds the earnings yield by 3:1, be careful. Calculate this using the following formula:

(30-year Treasury bond yield ÷ 2) ÷ Fully-diluted EPS

For example, if a company earns $1 per share in diluted EPS, and 30-Year Treasury bond yields are 5%, the test would show an overvalued stock if you paid $40 or more per share. That sends up a red flag that your return assumptions may be extraordinarily optimistic.

Treasury bond yields exceeding earnings yields by 3:1 has only happened a few times every couple of decades, but it is seldom a good thing. If it happens to enough stocks, the stock market as a whole will likely be extremely high relative to Gross National Product (GNP), which is a major warning sign that valuations have become detached from the underlying economic reality.

Economic Cycles

Don’t forget to adjust for economic cycles as well. For example, during the 2001 post-September 11 recession, a lot of otherwise great businesses had large one-time write-offs that resulted in severely depressed earnings and very high P/E ratios. The enterprises stabilized in the following years because no permanent damage had been done to their core operations in most cases.

Investors need to understand the distinction between refusing to buy a stock that is overvalued and refusing to sell a stock you hold that has temporarily gotten ahead of itself. There are plenty of reasons an intelligent investor may not sell an overvalued stock in their portfolio, many of which involve trade-off decisions about opportunity cost and tax regulations.

The Bottom Line

It’s one thing to hold something that might have run out 25% higher than your conservatively estimated intrinsic value, and another entirely if you’re holding stocks with values so inflated they make no sense at all in a sane market. One danger with new investors is a tendency to trade often. When you own stock in a great business, which likely boasts a high return on equity, high return on assets, and high return on employed capital, the stock's intrinsic value is likely to grow over time.

It’s often a mistake to part with the company’s stock just because it might have gotten a bit pricey from time to time. Look at the returns of two businesses, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo; even though the stock price has been overvalued at times, an investor would have been filled with regret later after selling off their stake.